This paper examines how religious concepts both reflected and informed the development of new technologies for encoding. transmitting. and printing written information. While many spiritualist writing machines were based on existing technologies that were repurposed for spirit communication. https://www.aitsglobal.com/product-category/%d7%90%d7%91%d7%99%d7%96%d7%a8%d7%99-%d7%90%d7%95%d7%a4%d7%a0%d7%94/